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Introduction |
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Palisade calcite (CPL), Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 1-1 |
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Palisade calcite (PPL), Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 1-2 |
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Transverse view of palisade calcite, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 1-3 |
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Columnar calcite (CPL), Carthage, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
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Figure 1-4 |
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Columnar calcite (PPL), Carthage, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
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Figure 1-5 |
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Columnar calcite (CPL), Haylaa Cave, Somalia. |
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Figure 1-6 |
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Columnar calcite (PPL), Haylaa Cave, Somalia. |
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Figure 1-7 |
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SEM image of columnar calcite, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 1-8 |
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Interwoven calcite, Macal Chasm, Belize. |
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Figure 1-9 |
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Interwoven calcite (HM), Macal Chasm, Belize. |
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Figure 1-10 |
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SEM image of equant calcite, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 1-11 |
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Introduction |
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SEM image of aragonite, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 2-1 |
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Aragonite (PPL), Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 2-2 |
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Aragonite (CPL), Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 2-3 |
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Large botryoid of aragonite, Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar. |
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Figure 2-4 |
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Very large botryoid of aragonite, Yangzhipo Cave, Guizhou, China. |
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Figure 2-5 |
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Two interfingering fans of aragonite, Bone Cave, Botswana. |
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Figure 2-6 |
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Chalcedony layer (PPL), Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 3-1 |
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Chalcedony layer (CPL), Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 3-2 |
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Chalcedony (HM), Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 3-3 |
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Layers of chalcedony (CPL), Gaalweyte Cave, Somalia. |
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Figure 3-4 |
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Layers of chalcedony (PPL), Gaalweyte Cave, Somalia. |
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Figure 3-5 |
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SEM image of coating of smectite on aragonite, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 3-6 |
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SEM image of smectite on aragonite, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 3-7 |
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Ostracods, Guinas Cave, Namibia. |
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Figure 6-1 |
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Ostracod, Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar. |
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Figure 6-2 |
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Arthropod carapace, Guinas cave, Namibia. |
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Figure 6-3 |
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Bone fragment, Drotsky's Cave, Botswana. |
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Figure 6-4 |
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Plant matter, Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar. |
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Figure 6-5 |
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Plant matter, Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. |
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Figure 6-6 |
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Plant matter (SEM), Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. |
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Figure 6-7 |
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Layers of aragonite and calcite, Drotsky's Cave, Botswana. |
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Figure 7-1 |
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Layers of aragonite and calcite (HM), Drotsky's Cave, Botswana. |
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Figure 7-2 |
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Multiple layers of calcite, Drotsky's Cave, Botswana |
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Figure 7-3 |
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Boundary between calcite layers (HM), Drotsky's Cave, Botswana |
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Figure 7-4 |
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Calcite layers with euhedral to flat crystal terminations, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 7-5 |
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Multiple layers of aragonite, Drotsky's Cave, Botswana |
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Figure 7-6 |
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Layers of clear and inclusion-rich aragonite, Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar. |
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Figure 7-7 |
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Layers of clear and inclusion-rich aragonite (HM), Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar. |
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Figure 7-8 |
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Thin layers of calcite defined by clays, DeSoto Caverns, Alabama, U.S.A. |
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Figure 7-9 |
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Layers of clear and inclusion-rich calcite (PPL), Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar. |
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Figure 7-10 |
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Layers of clear and inclusion-rich calcite (CPL), Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar. |
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Figure 7-11 |
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Layers of clear and inclusion-rich calcite (HM), Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar. |
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Figure 7-12 |
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Layers defined by abundance and size of inclusions, Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar. |
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Figure 7-13 |
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Layers in inclusion-rich calcite (HM), Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar. |
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Figure 7-14 |
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Layers defined by small calcite crystals (PPL), Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 7-15 |
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Layers defined by small calcite crystals (CPL), Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 7-16 |
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Surface of erosion at which layers are truncated, Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa |
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Figure 7-17 |
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Relics of aragonite in calcite, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 8-1 |
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Relics of aragonite in calcite, DeSoto Caverns, Alabama, U.S.A. |
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Figure 8-2 |
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Zoned equant calcite, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 8-3 |
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Zoned equant calcite, DeSoto Caverns, Alabama, U.S.A. |
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Figure 8-4 |
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Replacive euhedral calcite, Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. |
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Figure 8-5 |
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Remnants of aragonite in calcite, DeSoto Caverns, Alabama, U.S.A. |
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Figure 8-6 |
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Secondary aragonite (PPL), Drotsky's Cave, Botswana. |
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Figure 8-7 |
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Secondary aragonite (CPL), Drotsky's Cave, Botswana. |
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Figure 8-8 |
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Zone of secondary aragonite, Drotsky's Cave, Botswana. |
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Figure 8-9 |
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Fracture with fracture-filling calcite, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 8-10 |
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Fracture with fracture-filling calcite, Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
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Figure 8-11 |
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Replacive calcite amidst aragonite, Bone Cave, Botswana. |
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Figure 8-12 |
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Introduction |
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Microcrystalline and columnar calcite (PPL), Carthage, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
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Figure 9-1 |
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Microcrystalline and columnar calcite (CPL), Carthage, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
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Figure 9-2 |
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Microcrystalline and columnar calcite (PPL), Carthage, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
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Figure 9-3 |
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Microcrystalline and columnar calcite (CPL), Carthage, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
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Figure 9-4 |
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Columnar calcite, Wadi Sannur Caverns, Egypt |
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Figure 9-5 |
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Columnar calcite (HM), Wadi Sannur Caverns, Egypt |
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Figure 9-6 |
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Aragonite and columnar calcite (PPL), De Soto Caverns, Alabama, U.S.A. |
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Figure 9-7 |
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Aragonite and columnar calcite (CPL), De Soto Caverns, Alabama, U.S.A. |
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Figure 9-8 |
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Corroded aragonite and columnar calcite (HM), De Soto Caverns, Alabama, U.S.A. |
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Figure 9-9 |
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Microcrystalline and columnar calcite (PPL), Cumberland Caverns, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
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Figure 9-10 |
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Microcrystalline and columnar calcite (CPL), Cumberland Caverns, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
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Figure 9-11 |
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PPL = plane-polarized light; CPL = cross-polarized light; HM = high magnification.