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The Geography of the Oceans
Straits I: width and depth
Straits II: connections of the major ocean basins
Straits III: closure of the largest gulfs, bays, and marginal seas
A cross-section through the North Atlantic to scale: no vertical exaggeration
What is an ocean, and how many does Earth have?
The Geology of the Oceans
Plate tectonics: divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries
Mid-ocean ridges
A mid-ocean ridge vent or "black smoker", Part I
A mid-ocean ridge vent or "black smoker", Part II
Oceanic volcanic features: an Euler diagram
Aseismic ridges vs. chains of ocean islands and/or seamounts
Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic marine ecosystems: the sea surface, hydrothermal vents, and cold seeps
Possible causes of sea-level change
The Black Sea
The Black Sea I: Geography
The Black Sea II: A schematic cross-section
The Black Sea IIIa: Variation with depth
The Black Sea IIIb: Chemical variation with depth
Ocean Circulation
Global climate zones: a seven-page work-up
Global climate zones: one detailed page from the above
Variation of atmospheric pressure between and within climatic belts
The Trade Winds and Westerlies wind belts
Surface circulation: the ocean currents:
Gyres of currents: building a gyre
Some origins of eddies in the (northern hemisphere) oceans
Cold-core rings and warm-core rings
Gyres of currents, and eddies
Gyres of currents, idealized and eddified
The surface currents of the oceans I: a very simple map
The surface currents of the oceans II: a less simple map
The surface currents of the oceans III: NASA imagery
The surface currents of the oceans IV: seasonal countercurrents in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic
The surface currents of the oceans V: the Atlantic conspiracy
ENSO (El Niño) events
The Ekman spiral, dynamic topography, and coastal and equatorial upwelling
The Ekman spiral, dynamic topography, and geostrophic currents
Interactions of currents, tides, and waves
Interactions of currents, tides, and waves II
Deep circulation:
The thermocline
Density of seawater at the sea surface
Why density of seawater increases with salinity
Expressions for the deep circulation of the oceans
Two models of deep ocean circulation
Models of deep ocean circulation in the 2010s
The Warm Saline Deep Water hypothesis
Solutions and aqueous speciation of ions
Speciation of cations in aqueous solution I
Speciation of cations in aqueous solution II
Aqueous speciation of some hard cations across the periodic table
The typical solutes of geochemical solutions (i.e., of natural waters)
Solutions, CO2, HCO3-, CO32- and CaCO3
Speciation of inorganic carbon in aqueous solution
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Variation in the dissociation constants of H2CO3 and HCO3- with temperature and salinity
PCO2 of atmospheres and pH and HCO3 - concentration of solutions
Carbonate equilibria in solutions exposed to the atmosphere I
Carbonate equilibria in solutions exposed to the atmosphere II
The carbon, and carbonate, cycle
Ca2+ and HCO3- concentrations in natural waters. Part I: a plot
Ca2+ and HCO3- concentrations in natural waters. Part Ia: an inset
Ca2+ and HCO3- concentrations in natural waters. Part Ib: an inset
Ca2+ and HCO3- concentrations in natural waters. Part II: observations
The reaction for equilibrium of CaCO3 with natural waters
Reactions for the dissolution of CaCO3
Reactions for the precipitation of CaCO3
Degassing of CO2 and precipitation of CaCO3
Adsorption of hydrated Mg2+ on calcite as an inhibitor of calcite growth
Geochemistry of some natural waters
The typical solutes of geochemical solutions (i.e., of natural waters)
Chemistry of lacustrine waters
Size and salinity of lakes, and the ocean(s) I
Size and salinity of lakes, and the ocean(s) II
Relationships of lakes and the ocean to their drainage basins: a plot of hydrologic dominance I
Relationships of lakes and the ocean to their drainage basins: a plot of hydrologic dominance II
Chemistry of seawater / marine chemistry / chemical oceanography
The twenty-four most abundant solutes in seawater
Marine nutrient cycles I: Nitrogen
Marine nutrient cycles II: Phosphorous
Marine nutrient cycles III: Silicon
Marine nutrient cycles IV: Iron
Iron as a limiting nutrient in the ocean
Variation in concentration of solutes in the oceans I: Nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silica)
Variation in concentration of solutes in the oceans Ia: Nutrients and biological productivity
Variation in concentration of solutes in the oceans II: Dissolved oxygen (O2)
Variation in concentration of solutes in the oceans III: Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Variation in concentration of solutes in the oceans IIIa: Carbon dioxide and the carbonate compensation depth (CCD)
Variation in concentration of solutes in the oceans IV: Oxidation of sinking organic particles - a summary
Variation in δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon in the oceans
Variation in concentration of solutes in the oceans V: Scavenged ions
Variation in concentration of solutes in the oceans VI: The conservative solutes
Concentrations and residence times of solutes in seawater I: an oceanographic perspective
Concentrations and residence times of solutes in seawater II: a geochemical perspective
Concentrations and residence times of solutes in seawater III: a combined perspective
Box models of the long-term carbon cycle
Boron in marine calcite as an indicator of ancient PCO2
Marine biology and ecology
Isotopic records of the oceans
Isotopic geochemistry
Isotopes
Isotopes - the basics, and why we care
Commonly used stable isotopes
The delta symbol in stable isotope geochemistry
A simple mass spectrometer
An explanation of why isotopic fractionation varies with precipitation rate and temperature
Oxgyen isotope composition of calcite as a function of temperature and water composition
A graphic explanation of fractionation of oxygen isotopes between water and calcite
Oxygen isotope fractionation in the precipitation of calcite and aragonite
The "clumped isotope" paleotemperature method for carbonates
The δ13C record of marine limestones
The δ18O record of marine limestones
Correlation of charge and δ13C in Earth-surface C-bearing materials
Half-lives of radioactive atoms and measurement of age
Decay systems commonly used in radiometric dating
From deep-sea sediments to paleoclimate records
Marine isotope stages and substages
Oxygen isotope records of Cenozoic global cooling and glaciation
Terminology and timing of some later Quaternary climatic events
Five million years of climate and hominin history
The Paleolithic in the context of oxygen isotope records of Cenozoic cooling and glaciation
The last 150,000 years of human and glacial history
The last glacial cycle in marine sediments, Greenland ice, and Antarctic Ice
Terminology and timing of some later Quaternary climatic events
Holocene ice core isotopic records, climatic events, and human history
Democracy in the context of human and glacial history
Northern Hemisphere climate over the last two thousand years
The Quaternary
Milankovitch cycles I: eccentricity of Earth's orbit, seasonality, and extent of glaciation
Milankovitch cycles II: tilt of Earth's axis, seasonality, and extent of glaciation
Milankovitch cycles III: precession of the seasons, seasonality, and extent of glaciation
Wisonsinan, Illinoian, and earlier glacial deposits of North America
AD, CE, BC, BP, calendar years, radiocarbon years, and all that
Calibration of radiocarbon dates
Calibration of radiocarbon dates II
Radiometric dating via U-series disequilibrium I
Radiometric dating via U-series disequilibrium II
Contextual Materials
Basic Geology
Ways of understanding I
Ways of understanding II
Rocks, Part I
Rocks, Part II - the rock "cycle"
Rocks, Part III
Origins of melts and magmas I
Origins of melts and magmas II
Metamorphism and metamorphic rocks
The origin of sedimentary rocks
The origin of siliciclastic and biochemical sedimentary rocks
Lithification of sediments to sedimentary rocks I: Proceses
Lithification of sediments to sedimentary rocks II: Possible pathways
Lithification of sediments to sedimentary rocks III: Compaction
Lithification of sediments to sedimentary rocks IV: Cementation
Steno's princples of sedimentary layers
Unconformities and their significance to geologic time
Movement of facies of sediment with rising sea level
Movement of sedimentary facies with change of sea level
Movement of sedimentary facies with change of sea level, and sequences
Three thoughts about fossils
The Bigger Picture
Earth at a glance
Plate tectonics: divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries
Sources of geological information in the field
Large-scale flow in Earth Systems
The age of the Earth and our solar system
The standard geologic time scale
A Phanerozoic paleoenvironmental timeline
The size of things
Human awareness of space and time
(a review of how science has changed human awareness of the world, best viewed in .ppt)
PPT file
